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As per the Census 2001,
the Indian workforce is over 400 million strong, which constitutes 39.1 % of
the total population of the country. The workers comprise 312 million main
workers and 88 million marginal workers (i.e., those who did not work for at
least 183 days in the preceding 12 months to the census taking) Sex
differential among the number of male and female worker in the total workforce
is significant. Of the total 402 million workers, 275 million are males and 127
million females. This would mean that 51.7 percent of the total males and 25.6
percent of the total females are workers. The number of female workers is about
less than half the number of male workers. In terms of proportion, 68.4 percent
of the workers are males and 31.6 percent females.o the census taking).
Main workers constitute 77.8
percent of the total workers. The remaining are marginal workers. Among the
main workers, female workers, are only 23.3 % and 76.7% are male workers.
Majority of female workers (87.3 percent) are from rural areas. This is also
twice that of male workers, which may be due to their being employed
predominantly in activities like cultivation and agricultural labour. In the
urban areas, majority of female workers are engaged in Households industry and
other work.
Interestingly, among
marginal workers females outnumber the males. In three of the four categories,
viz. cultivators, agricultural labourers and household industries, female
marginal workers outnumber male workers.
Category
|
Persons
|
Males
|
Females
|
| Total population |
1,028,610
|
532,157
|
496,453
|
| Total workers |
402,235
|
275,015
|
127,220
|
| Main workers |
313,005
|
240,148
|
72,857
|
| Marginal workers |
89,230
|
34,867
|
54,363
|
| Non-workers |
626,376
|
257,142
|
369,234
|
| Cultivation |
127,313
|
85,417
|
41,896
|
| Agricultureal labourers |
106,957
|
57,329
|
49,446
|
| Household industry workers |
16,957
|
8,744
|
8,213
|
| Other workers |
151,190
|
123,525
|
27,665
|
| Source : PCA India, Census of India 2001 |
The workers have been
classified by the type of economic activity into broad the type of economic
activity into nine broad categories as per National Industrial Classification,
1998. Distribution of main workers by industrial category shows that
agriculture sector still employs largest number of workers. The dependence on
agriculture is brought out by the fact that of the 313 million main workers in
the country, 166 million (56.6%) has been engaged in ‘Agricultural and
allied activities’. This is followed by ‘Manufacturing
Industries’, which employed about 42 million (13.4%). There are 31.1
million workers in the services sector forming 10 % of the total main workers
with similar number engaged in ‘Wholesale retail trade and repair work,
Hotel and restaurant.
TABLE 20 :
DISTRIBUTION FO MAIN WORKED BY DIFFERENT INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES, INDIA 2001
| Total main workers * |
312,972
|
100.0
|
| Agricultural & allied activities |
176,979
|
56.6
|
| Mining & quarrying |
1,908
|
0.6
|
| Manufacturing |
41,848
|
13.4
|
| Electricity, gas and water supply |
1,546
|
0.5
|
| Construction |
11,583
|
3.7
|
| Wholesale, retail trade & repair work, Hotel and resturants |
29,333
|
9.4
|
| Transport, storage & communications |
12,535
|
4.0
|
| Financial intermediation, Real estate, business activities |
6,109
|
2.0
|
| Other services |
31,131
|
10.0
|
| Source : Industrial classification data based
on sample. |
Note:* Total main workers is
based on actual values of cultivators and Agricultural labourers from full
count (included in agricultural & allied activities) and estimated values
for industrial categories.
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