One important facet of study on population is the study of migration arising out of various social, economic or political reasons. For a large country like India, the study of movement of population in different parts of the country helps in understanding the dynamics of the society better. At this junction in the economic development, in the country, especially when many states are undergoing faster economic development, particularly in areas, such as, manufacturing, information technology or service sectors, data migration profile of population has become more important.
When a person is enumerated in census at a different place than his / her place of birth, she / he is considered a migrant. This may be due to marriage, which is the most common reason for migration among females-or for work, what is the case as generally among males, etc. It also happens that many return to their place of birth after staying out. To capture such movements of population census collect information on migration by last helps to understand the current migration scenario better.
In India, as per census 2001, about 307 million person have been reported as migration by place of birth. Out of them about 259 million (84.2%), migrated from on e part of the state to another, i.e., from one village or town to another village or town. 42 million (2%) from out side the country.
The data on migration by last residence in India as per Census 2001 shows that the total number of migrants has been 314 million. Out of these migrants by last residence, 268 million (85%) has been intra-state migrants, those who migrated from one are of the state to another. 41 million (13%) were interstate migrants and 5.1 million (1.6%) migrated from out side of the country.
TABLE 10: NUMBER OF MIGRANTS
BY PLACE OF BIRTH – INDIA
2001 |
| A. |
Total Population |
1,028,610,328 |
|
| B. |
Total Migrations |
307,149,736 |
29.9 |
| B.1 |
Migrants within the state of enumeration |
258,641,103 |
84.2 |
| B.11 |
Migrants from within the districts |
181,799,637 |
70.3 |
| B.12 |
Migrants from other districts of the state |
76,841,466 |
29.7 |
| B.2 |
Migrants from other states in India |
42,341,703 |
13.8 |
| B.3 |
Migrants from other countries |
6,166,930 |
2.0 |
| Source : Table D1 India, Census of India 2001. |
TABLE 11: NUMBER
OF MIGRANTS BY PLACE OF LAST RESIDENCE – INDIA 2001 |
| A. |
Total Population |
1,028,610,328 |
|
| B. |
Total Migrations |
314,541,350 |
30.6 |
| B.1 |
Migrants within the state of enumeration |
268,219,260 |
85.3 |
| B.11 |
Migrants from within the districts |
193,592,938 |
72.2 |
| B.12 |
Migrants from other districts of the state |
74,626,322 |
17.8 |
| B.2 |
Migrants from other states in India |
41,166,265 |
13.1 |
| B.3 |
Migrants from other countries |
5,155,423 |
1.6 |
Opportunities in urban areas for employment, education, etc have been
a pull factor attracting migrants from rural to urban areas and from
smaller towns and cities to larger urban areas. There is also migration
in the opposite direction from urban to rural areas due to various reasons.
The migration during the last decade, i.e., migrants with duration of
residence of 0-9 years at the place of enumeration, by various migration
streams are summarized in the following table:
TABLE 12: NUMBER OF INTRA-STATE AND INTER-STATE MIGRANTS
IN THE COUNTRY (DURATION OF RESIDENCE 0-9 YEARS)
BY RURAL URBAN STATUS – INDIA 2001BY RURAL URBAN STATUS – INDIA 2001
| Total |
97,560,320 |
61,428,374 |
36,131,946 |
| Rural |
73,949,607 |
53,354,376 |
20,595,231 |
| Urban |
20,655,277 |
6,266,503 |
14,388,774 |
| Unclassified |
2,955,436 |
1,807,495 |
1,147,941 |
| Source : Table D-2, Census of India 2001 |
Out of
about 98 million, total intra-state and inter-state migrants in the
country during last decade, 61 million have moved to rural areas and
36 million to urban areas. Migration stream out of rural areas(73 million)
to another rural areas was quite high (53million) in comparison to
from rural to urban areas (20 million). About 6 million migrants went
to rural areas from urban areas. On the basis of net migrants by last residence
during the past decade, i.e., the difference between in – migration and out – migration,
in each state, Maharastra stands at the top of the list with 2.3 million
net migrants, followed by Delhi (1.7 million), Gujrat (0.68 million) and
Haryana (0.67 million) as per census. Uttar Pradesh (-2.6 million) and
Bihar (-1.7 million) were the two states with largest number of net migrants
migrating out of the state. There are various reasons for migration as per
information collected in Census 2001 for migration by last residence.
Most of the female migrants
have cited ‘Marriage’ as the reason for migration, especially
when the migration is within the state. For males, the major reasons for
migration are ‘work/employment’ and ‘education’.
TABLE 13: REASONS FOR MIGRATION OF MIGRANTS BY LAST RESIDENCE
WITH DURATION (0-9 YEARS) INDIA 2001
| Total migrants |
98,301,342 |
32,896,986 |
65,404,356 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
| Reason for migration : Work / Employment |
14,446,224 |
12,373,333 |
2,072,891 |
14.7 |
37.6 |
3.2 |
| Business |
1,136,372 |
950,245 |
186,127 |
1.2 |
2.9 |
0.3 |
| Education |
2,915,189 |
2,038,675 |
876,514 |
3.0 |
6.2 |
1.3 |
| Marriage |
43,100,911 |
679,852 |
42,421,059 |
43.8 |
2.1 |
64.9 |
| Moved after birth |
6,577,380 |
3,428,673 |
3,148,707 |
6.7 |
10.4 |
4.8 |
| Moved with households |
20,608,105 |
8,262,143 |
12,345,962 |
21.0 |
25.1 |
18.9 |
| Other |
9,517,161 |
5,164,065 |
4,353,096 |
9.7 |
15.7 |
6.7 |
| Source: Table D3, Census of India 2001 |
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